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Brick wall with a row of injected holes along a mortar joint near the base, stopping moisture rising from the ground.

Rising damp in walls Ground moisture rising up masonry walls that have no damp-proof course, or a failed one, causes seelan, salts and peeling paint near the floor. The fix is a new chemical damp-proof course injected into a mortar joint, followed by re-plastering. 6 steps

Basement section with a membrane on the outside face of the wall and under the floor slab, facing the groundwater.

Basement waterproofing from outside (positive side) For new basements, or where the soil can be dug away, stop water on the face that the soil and groundwater press against. Build watertight concrete, seal every joint, coat or sheet the outside face, then backfill carefully. 7 steps

Basement section with a waterproof coating on the inside face of the wall and floor, groundwater pressing from outside.

Basement waterproofing from inside (negative side) In an existing basement where the outside cannot be dug out, water is stopped on the inside face. Plug active leaks, inject leaking cracks, then apply a cement-based coating that works against water pressure from behind. 7 steps

Retaining wall section with a coating on the soil side, a gravel drain and a weep pipe through the wall.

Retaining walls Walls that hold back soil and water, such as boundary walls on slopes, ramps, and the walls of basements and underpasses. Waterproof the soil face, seal the joints, and treat the exposed face and any leaks. 7 steps

Footing, column and plinth beam in soil, all buried faces coated, with a damp-proof layer under the brick wall.

Foundations, footings and plinth Protect footings, column stubs and plinth beams against groundwater and aggressive soil, and stop damp rising into the walls above. This is done during construction, before backfilling. 6 steps

Lift pit section below the floor, lined inside with a waterproof coat, with guide rails and a buffer spring.

Lift pits and drainage sumps Lift pits and drainage or sewage sumps are the lowest points in a building, so groundwater collects there. Build them watertight, seal the kicker joint, and line them with a slurry rated for water pressure. 6 steps

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Section of an underground concrete water tank in wet soil, lined on the inside, with joint waterbars and a sealed pipe

Underground water tank Below-ground tanks leak out when full and let groundwater or dirty water seep in when empty. Plug and repair, then line the inside with a drinking-water coating; on new tanks, build watertight concrete and joints first. 7 steps

Section of an underground sewage manhole with pipes, step irons and a protective lining on the inside faces

Sewage tanks, manholes & septic tanks Sewage and wastewater structures leak out, let groundwater in and are eaten away by aggressive effluent. Plug and rebuild the concrete, waterproof it, and add a chemical-resistant lining where the effluent is aggressive. 7 steps

Pipe passing through a concrete floor slab with an orange sealing collar round it and orange sealant at the top

Pipe and service penetrations Pipes, ducts and cables passing through basement walls, tank walls, roofs and fire-rated floors are weak points for water and fire. Seal each one for its job: watertight, weathertight, fire-rated, or a simple interior gap. 6 steps

Wall section with water-bearing soil outside; angled drilled packers inject resin into the crack from the dry inside face.

Leaking cracks & active water seepage Cracks and holes that let water through basement walls, tanks, roof slabs or retaining walls. First stop running water, then seal the crack with elastic injection, then waterproof the surface; rigid epoxy is not used while a crack is wet. 7 steps

Basement wall and base slab of waterproofed concrete holding back ground water, with a waterstop in the wall-slab joint

Waterproof (watertight) concrete For basements, water tanks, pools and sewage works, make the concrete itself resist water with a low water–cement ratio, an integral waterproofing admixture and sealed construction joints. This is for new pours; it cannot fix a structure that already leaks. 7 steps

Tunnel arch in rock partly lined with sprayed concrete, with a rig nozzle fed by an accelerator line spraying the rest

Shotcrete, tunnels & slope stabilisation Sprayed concrete supports tunnel faces, galleries and cut slopes and lines channels and pools. The system is a pumpable base mix with a superplasticiser, an accelerator dosed at the nozzle, and often fibres. 7 steps

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